Reagan's Economic Policies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reagan's Economic Policies - Term Paper Example Besides, presidential policies are sometimes informed by the desire to discover new idea or to carry on the legacy of the American founders.1 Policies by respective presidential candidates greatly determine if they will win the elections or not; in other words, the electorates vote for a particular candidate based on the belief that his policies will propel America to greater heights of prosperity, as well as promoting national and international safety and security. Throughout the American history, the persons who have graced presidency have had various policies that have had positive and negative impacts to the country. It is well-known fact that these policies have been entrenched in the country’s history and defines each presidency that has existed. This paper will consider the President Ronald Reagan’s policies and actions concerning economic policies and his policies on the air traffic strike in particular. President Ronald Reagan was in office between 1981 and 198 9. He took office in 1981 in the wake of the worst recession since the Great Depression and he was determined to turn around America’s economic fortune. This desire was evident in his inaugural address where he articulated his intention to make the government work. In the address he said â€Å"In the days ahead, I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity.†2 His economic policies became so endeared within the broader America’s economic policies; these policies actually earned the tag of â€Å"Reaganomics.† These policies were aimed at attempting to change the United States economic policy’s course. The economic policies were contained under the Reagan’s Program for Economic Recovery of 1981 which had four main policy objectives: to reduce the government spending growth; to reduce regulation; to reduce inflation through the control of the growth of the money supply; and to reduce the marginal t ax rates on income from capital and labor. These policy objectives were expected to increase investment and saving, balance the budget, reduce interest rates and inflation, restore healthy financial markets, and increasing economic growth.3 It is imperative to understand the historical context that informed Reagan’s economic policy. This historical context not is critical in understanding what exactly was motivating President Reagan towards pushing for his economic policies. As it will be seen from the historical context, Reagan was consciously working within the Constitutional provisions and he was seeking to advance a particular great cause which was to rejuvenate America’s economy. Prior to the administration of President Reagan, the economy of the United States had experienced a decade of increasing inflation and unemployment which was popularly known as â€Å"stagflation.† His immediate predecessors had favoured stimulus that were resulting to money supply expansion. Reagan’s approach to stagflation that was facing the United States was to depart from his the approach used by his immediate predecessors.4 Reagan intended to reduce the growth of government. His policies was based on the supply side economics theory which states that tax cuts encourages expansion of the economy to eventually widen the tax base. To achieve this, he stated his intention of increasing defense spending while at the same time reducing taxes. He enacted lower rates of marginal tax in

War crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

War crimes - Essay Example o justice has been the fact that it provides a mechanism for international prosecutions where crimes committed that are not catered for within the state policy can be looked into, in addition to this, heads of state are not immune to prosecution thus the full potential of justice is achieved (Maweni, 2011). The court is also not affiliate to the United Nations hence it is not a political instrument. With these views in place, the ICC and other tribunals are in a position to ensure that justice prevails (Maweni, 2011). However, despite these successes, the court is faced with some setbacks. The weakness that tribunals and the ICC face is the fact that given the number and range of crimes that are committed against humanity, it is hard for the ICC to decide on which ones to prosecute and which ones to leave (Russell & Elliot, 2002). This is under the trigger mechanisms, which are three ways under the Rome Statute through which cases can be taken to the ICC. A state party forwarding a case to the tribunal is the most contentious issue because state decision may be interfered with sovereignty and power of the concerned parties (Russell & Elliot, 2002). Therefore, justice for war crime victims may not be achieved if a country does not forward its case to the ICC. As per discussions in the meeting, to ensure that international bodies ensure justice in cases of war crimes, it is the responsibility of various states to support its initiative. This is because the courts can only act in areas where they have jurisdiction. Countries such as America do not support it and this and other nations that do not support the tribunal may be impeding the true course of justice that may be provided by an international tribunal and the International Criminal

Complaint of Chest Pain Case Study

Complaint of Chest Pain Case Study Jon Teegardin When assessing the patient with chest pain, it is important to pay attention to all of the information available from the patient. Not all chest pain is related to cardiac issues, and not all incidents of myocardial infarction present with classic chest pain symptoms. There are many possible causes of chest pain. The source of chest pain can be cardiac, respiratory, muscular, gastro-intestinal, or even psychological. This paper will discuss several causes of chest pain, and then address cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory assessments of a patient with a chief complaint of chest pain. Causes of chest pain Myocardial infarction or heart attack results when a blood clot disrupts the flow of blood to the heart muscle itself (Jarvis, 2012). Patients often describe a crushing, heavy feeling in the chest. Sometimes the pain radiates to the jaw or left arm. The pain can hit suddenly or build gradually. This type of pain is not reproducible and isn’t relieved by nitroglycerine. Angina is chest pain caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply the heart with blood. It is described as a tightness, squeezing, or burning in the chest. It can last anywhere from five to thirty minutes and can occur when the heart is working harder or when it is at rest (Jarvis, 2012). Angina is typically relieved with rest and medication. Aortic dissection occurs when the inner layers of the aorta separate. The pain occurs suddenly and is described as sharp, stabbing, or tearing in nature in the chest or back. The pain is not relieved by rest or medication and is a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention. Digestive causes of chest pain include heartburn, gallbladder, and pancreas issues. This type of pain is described as pain or burning in the epigastric area and is relieved by antacids, dietary changes, or pain medication. Chest pain can be associated with injury to the muscles and cartilage in the chest. An inflammation of the cartilage of the rib cage, known as costochondritis can cause pain. Sore muscles from overexertion or bruised and broken ribs can cause chest pain as well. These types of pain are reproducible and are not relieved by nitroglycerine. Chest pain related to respiratory problems include blood clots in the lung called pulmonary embolism that cause shortness of breath and chest pain. Pleurisy, which is an inflammation of the membrane covering the lung causes chest pain that is worse when coughing or inhaling. Pulmonary hypertension can also cause chest pain. Patient 1 The patient is a 56 year old male that arrives at the emergency room by EMS transport with a complaint of chest pain that began one hour ago. The patient also complains of shortness of breath, and is sweating profusely. EMS has initiated IV access, placed the patient on 2 liters per minute of oxygen, given 325 milligrams of aspirin, and given one sublingual 0.4 milligram nitro. A focused assessment is started. The patient is asked to describe his chest pain and what he was doing when the pain started. The patient reports that he was doing yard work when he became short of breath and started sweating profusely. He felt a crushing pain in his chest and the pain went up the left side of his neck into his jaw. The patient coughs several times while giving this information. He describes the pain as a crushing feeling in his chest. He also states that his left calf has been hurting for several days, but thinks it’s just muscle cramps. Vital signs are obtains and are as follows: Blood pressure is 189/98, pulse is 140 beats per minute. Respirations are labored at 24 per minute. O2 saturation is 95% with two liters per minute of oxygen applied by nasal cannula. The patient’s heart sounds are auscultated and normal S1 and S2 are noted. The apical pulse is bounding and tachycardic at 140 beats per minute. The lungs are auscultated and decreased breath sounds are noted in the right lower lobe. Crackles are noted bilaterally in the lower lobes as well. The brachial pulses are palpated bilaterally by pressing the artery against the bone on the anterior medial aspect of the right and left elbow (Jarvis, 2012). The pulses are strong and equal. The radial pulses are palpated bilaterally by again pressing the artery on the posterior medial aspect of each wrist. These pulses are also strong and equal. Turgor is assessed on each upper extremity by pinching a small fold of skin on the back of the hand. No tenting is observed. The color of the extremity is pink and feels warm to the touch. Capillary refill is assessed by pressing down on the fingernails of each hand and observing the blanching. The capillaries refill in less than 2 seconds. Next the lower extremity pulses are assessed. The femoral pulses are palpated by pressing deeply into the medial aspect of the upper thigh, below the inguinal ligament and about midway between symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spine (Jarvis, 2012). Two hands are used, one on top of the other to feel the femoral pulse on each leg. The pulses are even and regular. Moving down the lower extremities, the popliteal pulses are palpated by pressing down on the posterior medial aspect of the knee. The left pulse is slightly diminished compared to the right pulse. Next the posterior tibial pulses are palpated. The posterior tibial pulses are located on the posterior aspect of the ankle. Again, the left pulse is diminished significantly compared to the right pulse. Finally, the dorsalis pedis pulses are palpated on the top of each foot. The left pulses amplitude is low, the right pulse is normal. The left calf is warm and swollen compared to the right calf. The patient complains of pain when the left calf is palpated. Turgor is assessed on the top of each foot and no tenting is observed. Capillary refill is brisk and less than two seconds on the right foot, but is sluggish in the left foot. Decreased pulses in the lower left extremity, swelling and pain are indicative of a blood cl ot known as a deep vein thrombosis (National Institute of Health, 2011). SOAP S: The patient complains of shortness of breath and chest pain that began one hour ago. The patient also complains of left calf pain. O: The patient is hypertensive, tachycardic, is breathing rapidly, and is sweating profusely. Breath sounds are diminished in the right lower lobe. The pulses in the left lower extremity are diminished, the left calf warm, swollen, and tender. A: The patient appears to be suffering from a pulmonary embolism secondary to a deep vein thrombosis in the left lower extremity (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Blood and diagnostic tests are ordered as follows: complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, cardiac enzymes, d-dimer, PT/INR, PTT, ECG, ultrasound of left lower extremity, and CT of the chest with contrast. The results are listed below. Complete blood count is within normal limits. The metabolic panel is within normal limits. The cardiac enzymes are within normal limits, the most important being the troponin level which is less than 0.01, the d-dimer is elevated at 900 ng/ml (normal is P: Anticipate admission of this patient to the ICU. The patient will need to be accurately weighed in anticipation of administration of a heparin drip to prevent further clots and dissolve the clot in the lung and the clot in the left lower extremity. Pulmonary embolism is just one of many causes of chest pain. Although some causes are not medical emergencies it is important to seek medical attention. Early intervention and treatment, especially of cardiac related chest pain is essential in preventing continued or lasting damage to heart muscle. References Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination and Health Assessment [VitalSouce bookshelf version].  Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/978-1-4377-0151-7/outline/24 Mayo clinic. (2014). Pulmonary embolism. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/basics/definition/con-20022849 Mayo Medical Laboratories. (2014). D-Dimer. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical and Interpretive/9290 National Institute of Health. (2011). Deep Vein Thrombosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Latest NIH Research | NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine. Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring11/articles/spring11pg20-21.html

The Emotion, Imagination and Complexity of Wordsworth and Coleridge :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Emotion, Imagination and Complexity of Wordsworth and Coleridge      Ã‚  Ã‚   The 19th century was heralded by a major shift in the conception and emphasis of literary art and, specifically, poetry. During the 18th century the catchphrase of literature and art was reason. Logic and rationality took precedence in any form of written expression. Ideas of validity and aesthetic beauty were centered around concepts such as the collective "we" and the eradication of passion in human behavior. In 1798 all of those ideas about literature were challenged by the publication of Lyrical Ballads, which featured the poetry of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth and Coleridge both had strong, and sometimes conflicting, opinions about what constituted well-written poetry. Their ideas were centered around the origins of poetry in the poet and the role of poetry in the world, and these theoretical concepts led to the creation of poetry that is sufficiently complex to support a wide variety of critical readings in a modern context.    Wordsworth wrote a preface to Lyrical Ballads in which he puts forth his ideas about poetry. His conception of poetry hinges on three major premises. Wordsworth asserts that poetry is the language of the common man:    To this knowledge which all men carry about with them, and to these sympathies in which without any other discipline than that of our daily life we are fitted to take delight, the poet principally directs his attention. (149)    Poetry should be understandable to anybody living in the world. Wordsworth eschews the use of lofty, poetic diction, which in his mind is not related to the language of real life. He sees poetry as acting like Nature, which touches all living things and inspires and delights them. Wordsworth calls for poetry to be written in the language of the "common man," and the subjects of the poems should also be accessible to all individuals regardless of class or position. Wordsworth also makes the points that "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility" (151). These two points form the basis for Wordsworth's explanation of the process of writing poetry. First, some experience triggers a transcendent moment, an instance of the sublime. The senses are overwhelmed by this experience; the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" leaves an individual incapable of articulating the true nature and beauty of the event.

Lamarsh Solution Chap7

LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-1 7. 1 Look at example 7. 1 in the textbook,only the moderator materials are different Since the reactor is critical, k ? ? ? T f ? 1 ?T ? 2. 065 from table 6. 3 so f ? 0. 484 We will use t d ? t dM (1 ? f ) and t dM from table 7. 1 t dM,D2O ? 4. 3e ? 2; t dM,Be ? 3. 9e ? 3; t dM,C ? 0. 017 Then, t d,D2O =0. 022188sec;t d,Be =2. 0124e-3sec;t d,C ? 8. 772e ? 3sec 7. 5 One? delayed? neutron group reactivity equation; ?lp 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? where ? ? 0. 0065; ? ? 0. 1sec? 1 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? For lp ? 0. 0sec For lp ? 0. 0001sec For lp ? 0. 001sec Note:In this question examine the figure 7. and see that to give a constant period value ,say 1 sec,you should give much more reactivity as p. neutron lifet ime increases. And it is strongl recommended that before exam,study figure 7. 1 . 7. 8 ? ? 2e ? 4 from figure 7. 2 so you can ignore jump in power(flux) in this positive reactivity insertion situation t P Pf ? Pi e T then t=ln f ? T ? 3. 456hr Pi 7. 10 In eq 7. 19 p rompt neutrons:(1-? )k ? ? a ? T delayed neutrons:p? C ? in a critical reactor(from 7. 21) ?k ? ? dC ? 0 ? C ? ? a T ? p? C ? ? k ? ? a ? T dt p? ? s T ? (1-? )k ? ? a ? T ? ? k ? ? a ? T ? ? ? prompt delayedNow you can compare their values prompt (1-? ) ? delayed ? LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-2 7. 12 P0? t 1 P(t) ? e in here ? ? then, and ? ? T t P0 T P(t) ? e in here take T=-80sec ? 1? ? t ? P0 P0 ? 10 ? e 80 ? t ? 25. 24 min . 1 ? (? 5) ?9 7. 14 k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ?a1F ?a 0 F f1 ? F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and finally, M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ?a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ?a M 7. 16 20 min? 60sec/ min ? 1731. 6sec. ln 2 )From fig 7. 2 rectivity is small so small reactivity assumption can be used as, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0848(from table 7. 3)=4. 89e-5=4. 89e-3% ?i 1731. 6 4. 89e-5 also in dollars= ? 7. 52e ? 3$ ? 0. 752cents 0. 0065(U235) t T a)2P0 ? P0e ? T ? 7. 17 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec ?T? ? 6253. 8sec(very large) T ln100 b)We will make small reactivity insertion approximation using the insight given by figure 7. 2 for U-235 so, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0324(from table 7. 3)=5. 18e-6 ?i 6253. 8 a)100MW ? 1MWe 7. 18 a)From fig 7. 1 when ? ? 0 ? 1 ? 0 so T= 1 ?T ?1 b)Use prompt jump approximation, t tP0? T P0 T 10watts (300? 100)sec P(t)= e? e? e 100sec ? 82watts ? 0. 099 1? 1? ? 1 c)Use T=-80sec. 300)sec t t P0? T P0 T 82watts ? (t ? 80sec P(t)= e? e? e ? 8 1? 1 ? (? ) ? 1 LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-3 7. 20 Insert 7. 56 into 7. 57 and plot reactivity vs rod radius Using eq. 7. 57 and 7. 56 we plotted and found the radius value for 10% reactivity=3. 9 cm reactivity vs rod radius(a) 0. 14 0. 12 X: 3. 9 Y: 0. 1004 reactivity 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 rod radius 3 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 23 a)For a slab this equation is solved you know as, x xq ?T (x) ? A1 sinh( ) ? A 2 cosh( ) ?T then to find the constants you must introduce L L ? a 2 boundary conditions 1 d? T 1 d? T 1 B. C. 1: ? 0 @ x=0 and B. C. 2: ? ? @ x=(m/2)-a ?T dx ?T dx d Introducing B. C. 1 you find A1 ? 0 and B. C. 2 x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? q L A2=- T ? 1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? So finally, x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? qT L ?T (x) ? ?1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? b) Neutron current density at the blade surface, d? L J @(m/2)-a ? ? D T ? d dx @(m/2)-a ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L Let ‘s follow the instructions in the question Multiply the n. current density by the area of the blades in the cell†¦ –What is the area of the blades in the cell: From fig 7. 9,assume unit depth into the page so the cross sectional area of one of four blades, A=(l-a) ? 1 Divide by the total number of neutrons thermalizing per second in the cell —What is the volume of the cell: From fig 7. 9,assume unit depth into t he page so V=(m-2a) ? (m ? 2a) ? 1 So as in page 358 4(l ? a) 1 fR ? 2 (m ? 2a) d ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L 7. 25 You should find the B-10 average atom density in the reactor Total mass of B-10=50rods ? 500g=25 ? 103g 25e3 N? ? 0. 6022e24 ? 1. 39e27atoms 10. 8 Atom density averaged over whole reactor volume, 1. 39e27 NB ? ? 2. e21 atoms/cm3 ? ? aB ? 2. 9e21? 0. 27b ? 7. 8e ? 4cm ? 1 4 ?(48. 5)3 3 7. 8e ? 4 ? use eq. 7. 62 then find,? w ? ? 0. 0938 ? 9. 4% 0. 00833 ? 0. 000019 7. 27 H ? 100cm and ? ? 0. [email  protected] x ? H a) For x ? 3H / 4 ? 75cm 1 ?x ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? (3H / 4) ? ?0. 4545$ ? H 2? ? so the positive reactivity insertion is -0. 4545$-(-0. 5$)=0. 04545$ ( x) ? ( H ) ? b) The rate of reactivity per cm can be found by differentiating the reactivity equation over the distance. ?1 1 ? d ( x) d ? 1 ?x ? ? ( H ) ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? ? ( H ) ? ? Cos(2? x / H ) ? dx dx ? ?H H ? ? H 2? ? d ( x) ? 0. 005$ / cm ? 0. cent / cm dx x ? 3H / 4 7. 31 There is a de crease in T so let’s examine the effects of sign of temperature coefficients, If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? decrease in k ? reduces P ? gives further dec. in k ? shut down(unstable) If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? increase in k ? increase in P ? inc. in T and finally reactor returns to its original state! (stable) 7. 33 ? N FVF I ? p ? exp ? ? ? ? ? M ? sM VM ? I: Resonance Integral ? sM : Scattering Cross-Section of Moderator ? M : Constant 2a ? 1. 5 ? a ? 0. 75 (rod radius) dI I (300 K ) ? 1 ? ? I (T ) ? I (300 K )(1 ? ?1 ( T ? T0 )) dT 2T I (T ) ? ? ? sM ? M VM ln p N FVF T ? T0 ?I (T ) ? I (T0 ) ? ?k ln 0. 912 ? 0. 0921k where k ? ? sM ? M VM N FVF For slightly enriched uranium dioxide reactor take ? ? 10. 5 g / cm3 (See Chapter 6). ?1 ? A? ? C? / a? where A? ? 61? 10? 4 and C? ? 2. 68 ? 10? 2 (Table 7. 4) ? ?1 ? 0. 009503 T ? 665? C (? 938K ) ? I (T ) ? I (T0 )(1 ? 13. 31* ? 1 ) ? 1. 1264I (T0 ) ? I (T ) ? 0. 0921? 1. 1264 ? k ? 0. 1037k ?1 ? ?k ? [email  protected] 665o C ? exp ? ? I (T ) ? ? exp ? ? 0. 1037 ? ? 0. 9014 ? k ? ?k ? 7. 34 70 F ? 210C 550 F ? 287 0C d ? ?T ? ? ? ? (287 ? 21) ? ?2 ? 10? 5 0C dT ? T where ? =0. 0065 ?1 ? ? 5. 32e ? 3 ? ?0. 532% ? ?0. 81$ 7. 37 First you should solve problem 7. 6 to find the fraction of expelled water, 575F ? 301 0 C 585F ? 307 C 0 Vvessel ? 6 0 C increase in T ?D 2 ? ? 6. 5m3 ? Vwater ? v 0 ? 3. 25m3 4 ?v ? ? v ? T ? ?v ? 3. 25m3 ? 3e ? 3 ? 6 0 C ? 5. 85e ? 2m3 v0 ?v ? 0. 018 v0 Then find f after expelling, k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ? a1F ?a 0 F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and finally, F M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f1 ? f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ? a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ? a M f0 ? ?a F ?a F ? ?a M f? in here f 0 ? 0. 682 so ?a F ? a F ? 1 ? ?)? a M ?a M 1 ? ? 1 ?a F f0 so f? 1 1 1 ? 0. 0982 ? ( ? 1) f0 ? 0. 956 f-f 0 ? 0. 287 f 0. 287 Finally, ? T (f ) ? ? 0 ? 0. 0478per 0 C ?T 6C Then = LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-4 7. 39 The reactivity equivalent of equilibrium xenon is to be; ? ? I ? ? X ? T where ? X ? 0. 770 ? 1013 / cm2 ? sec and ? X ? 0. 00237 and ? I ? 0. 0639 ? p? ?X ? ?T ? ? 2. 42 and p ? ? ? 1 0 -0. 005 reactivity -0. 01 -0. 015 -0. 02 X: 4. 8 Y: -0. 02695 -0. 025 -0. 03 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 Note the convergence †¦.. 2 2. 5 3 thermal flux x 1e14 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 42 For Xenon using eq. 7. 94 X? ? (? I ? ? X )? f ? T ?X ? ? aX ? T here ? I ? 6. 39e ? 2 and ? X ? 2. 37e ? 3 (from table 7. 5) ? X ? 2. 09e ? 5 (from table 7. 6) You should make a correction to the thermal absorption cross section as follows, ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 1. 236 ? 2. 65e6 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,X ? ? g aXe (200 0C ) ? ? a,X (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 9. 17e ? 19cm 2 ? 9. 17e5b finally, X? ? 0. 06627 ? ? f ? 1e13 2. 09e ? 5 ? 9. 17e5b ? 1e13 For Samarium using eq. 7. 94 S? ? ? P ?f ? aX where ? P ? 0. 01071 ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 2. 093 ? 41e3 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,S ? S ? g a (200 0C ) ? ? a,S (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 2. 9e4b finally, S? ? 0. 01071 ?f 2. 39e4b Note:When finding fission cross sections you should find the atom density of uranium 235 for this infinite thermal reactor. To do this ,refer to example 6. 5 on page 294 taking buckling zero and find a relation between moderator number density and fuel density. 7. 43 Using eq. 7. 98 0. 06627 1e13 ? 2. 42 1e13 ? 0. 773e13 where p=? =1 0. 01071 2. 42 ? Xe ? ? ? Sm 7. 44 First of all, we must write the rate equations for each element; dN Sm ? Sm N Sm ? ? a Sm N Sm? T ? ? Sm ? f ? T dt dN Eu ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Eu N Eu? T dt dN Gd ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt ) For equilibrium reactivity; N (t ) ? N (t ? dt ) ? Xi Xi and ignore ? a Sm N Sm? T & ? a Eu N Eu? T Inserted into all rate equations; N Sm ? Sm ? f ? T ? ? Sm dN X i (t ) ?0 dt ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ?a N Gd Gd ? Eu N Eu ? ?T Reactivity equation is found as below; where ? a Gd / ? f p ? Sm p ? Sm ? 7 ? 10? 5 and ? ? 2. 42 and ? ? p ? 1 ? ? ? ? 2. 893 ? 10? 5 b) 157 Sm decays rapidly relative to 157 Eu and half-life of the 157 Sm is too small so, dN Sm ? 0 ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T dt This equation is inserted into rate equation of 157 Eu and 157 Gd ; dN Eu ? ? Sm ? f ? T ? Eu N Eu dt dN Gd (t ) ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt Gd At shutdown ? N0Eu & N0 are equal to equilibrium concentration for 157 Eu and 157Gd . ? No fission & no absorption is observed. From rate equation of From rate equation of Eu ? N 157 157 Gd Eu ?N Eu ? ? Eu t 0 (t ) ? N e Gd (t ) ? N Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? T Eu t ? e ? Eu ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? (1 ? e t ) ? Eu From equilibrium of Gd ? N 157 Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? ? a Gd ? Sm ? f ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? N (t ) ? ? (1 ? e t ) ? a Gd ? Eu Gd Maximum reactivity is reached at time goes to infinity! Gd ? N max (t ? ?) ? ? Sm? f ( ? a Gd / ? f p 1 ?a ? ?T ) ? Eu Gd Sm where ? a ? ? f (1 ? ?T ? a Gd ? ? ? (1 ? ) /? ? Eu Sm Gd where ?T ? a Gd ) ? Eu ? Eu ? 1. 162 ? 10? 5 s ? ? ? ? 4. 386 ? 10? 5 ? ?0. 675cents 7. 47 a) For constant power; P ? ER ? ? fF (r , t )? T (r , t )dV V So as N decreases ,flux should increase to keep power constant, dN F (t ) ? ? N F (t )? aF ? T (t ) (1) dt P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ), ? fF (t ) ? N F (t )? aF N F (t )? T (t ) ? N F (0)? T (0) ? constant integrating (1) between 0,t we get, N F (t ) ? N F (0) ? ? N F (0)? aF ? T (0)t ? N F (t ) ? N F (0)[1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t ] b) P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ) ?T (t ) ? P ER? fF 1 P 1 ? N F (t ) ER? fF N F (0)[1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t ]

Contemporary Religious Issues in Christianity Essay

Over time in various religions, there has been conflict. If not within one particular religion then there would be conflicting with each other. Christianity is a religion that most certainly has this issue. With many struggles in religion that people are face with today that would assists in the division of our human population, some religions still share some of the same beliefs. Though all religions are vastly different, the overall belief is geared to praise and worship God. Two religions that will be discussed in this paper that conflict with Christianity are Judaism and Islam. In Judaism, besides cultural division within, most of their conflict is with modern society. In Islam, the Muslim community has a great political outlook that has been coupled with their religious beliefs and stereotyping has been more recently a trigger for conflict. In this paper we will discuss the contemporary issues within Christianity. We will review the historical connections and theological similarities with other religions such as Judaism and Islam. We will also take a look at Christian denominations and how they interact with Buddhism. Contemporary Issues within Christianity Christians have struggles between their own religion, and with other religions beliefs. Christian’s belief in One God, God of Love. We can find a message in the passages of the Bible; in Genesis, a foundation about God’s creation. The concepts: stewardship and creativity, God blessed them; and God gave them this message, â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth. Bible) 2012 â€Å". The Love of God gets lost in our daily living style because the temptation, we sin and man abused God’s stewardship, and we don’t follow what God is teaching us to do. Christianity and other religions in this new way of living, we all are challenge to face an inevitable change. Social and new technology is responsible for new changes. We ask ourselves, what about religion in the future. Influences, crisis, economy are slowly changing the conservative religion to their surrounding of cultures. This changes are giving new choices to each one of us, and some choices are giving us ethical and cultural choices that force us to examine ourselves in our most basic philosophical believes. Christians and other religions are facing some areas that may raise ethical and religion beliefs. How Christian must respond to such conditions? How can we live with this society and culture that surrounds us? â€Å"Christ of Culture† perspective is exactly the opposite of â€Å"Christ against Culture† This way of living brings culture and Christianity together. God is giving us life – Why humans want to decide to take away our own lives or others. Where is our belief and trust, or mainly where is our Faith in God. Why we want to take control. If God give us life; we must belief and have trust that he has a plan in our lives. Ethical termination of adult life. Do individuals have the right to end their own lives or the lives or their loved ones? Even with major circumstances, do we get the control; where is our faith and believe that God does the impossible. Christianity questions about today is questioning about euthanasia. Passive or Active). Passive allowing the person to die by discontinuing their treatments and active is taking some positive step to terminate the person life by toxic substance or the injection of an air bubble into the blood stream. Euthanasia is the act of putting the death of a person which their illness in not curable but is violating the six commandment† Thou shalt not kill (Murder). Such consent does not relieve the killer of guilt for the sin of murder. Euthanasia is an instance of murder, which is a categorically forbidden in scripture.  Exodus 20:13 (Bakers, 1973), pp. 222 F. This society is giving us the opportunity to take control in our own hands; new technology is changing tremendously our beliefs and if we don’t wake up. This society will be out of control. Historical Connections and Theological Similarities with Other Religions The main historical connection between Judaism and Christianity is the fact that Christianity is a product of Judaism. This happened around the first century C. E. when Christianity was spreading rapidly throughout Europe. Besides Christianity forming out of Judaism, it has a connection through Jesus Christ, as we all know Jesus was a Jew. In fact for most of his life Jesus practice the Judaist faith and even celebrated Jewish holidays. Some of these holidays even became the basis for some of Christianity’s holidays, such as Easter which is based on the Jewish holiday â€Å"Passover†. Despite the fact that Christianity was a result of Judaism, Christians tended to have more freedom than Jews, while the latter was often persecuted for practicing their religion. Christianity has a connection to Israel that is almost as strong as Judaism. Nazareth which is based in Israel is considered the birthplace of Jesus, as well the birthplace of the Jewish Christian Church, however after the destruction of the church’s temple in 70C. E it seems that the church gradually faded into existence. While there may be some differences in how each religion worships and celebrates their religions. They both emphasize people being kind towards one another, believing in one God, and just being an overall good human being. The Christian and Islamic faith do share some of the same beliefs though their religions are vastly different. They both believe that there is one God and that God created the planet and mankind. They to both agree that God is the way of morality and the way or path of justice. It is also believed between the two religions that overall judgment of life is decided after life by heaven or hell. The fundamentalists Muslims and Christians also believe in pollutants such as porn and licentious helps destroy a community or society. There is a huge negative emotion in the western civilization in Islamic countries which explains the reasons of influences that evolve from out west. Of course there are obvious differences between both Christianity and Islam that will forever be unsettled. In these religions, pivotal doctrines are the points in which Christianity and Islam disagree. The overall tone of both beliefs are peaceful, caring, and loving human beings. The Muslim religion has points of emphasis on being peaceful, for instance; In Islam, the Muslims look to Sura 22:56 who say when speaking of religion there’s no compulsion. Though many in the world of Islam would believe that no compulsion means inside their religious world there is no competition amongst religion. Sura 29:46 says do not have a quarrel with outside religions but only if there is wrong doing. However, Sura 41:34 say to be make nice with the person doing wrong by doing good things for that person. Almost similar is the bible which has its parts of conflict with violence mostly from the Old Testament. It contests that a Canaanite society is infested with evil doings especially child sacrifice. God sent Israelites to enforce against the particular injustice and further on did the same against the Israelites. Situations like this within the scriptures of the bible are specifically minimal in circumstances during this time all implemented by God. But as the Quran would suggest, their religion puts this type of command in any time, place, and against any people or religion. Christian Denominations In religion, there is a power struggle to keep itself together. The ten commandments were clear on this issue. â€Å" Thou shall not worship false idols†, (â€Å"Ten Commandments†, 2002-2011). But there are seven billion people on this planet. Chances are that at least one of those seven billion people would want to worship another idol. From this idea, they would separate from their original church and form their own church. Worshiping whomever they found fit to be the one who deserved to be worshiped. As a matter of fact, this has happened many times in the history of Christianity and Judaism. Why are there so many Christian denominations? Well first we would have to differentiate between the non-Christian cults, and the false religions. Christian denominations are Lutherans, as well as Presbyterians. Then there are Jehovah’s witnesses and the Mormon religion, are examples of such cults. But islam and buddism are separate religions all together. Trials such as the protestant reformation gave rise within the Christian church to denominations. A movement to reform the roman catholic church that took place during the 16th century. Out of this event, four major division of traditional Protestantism emerged. These four were Lutheran, reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist. But many more denominations would grow over the coming centuries. The denomination Lutheran was named after Martin Luther. This is based off of his teachings. Methodist was named from its founder, John Wesley. John Wesley was famous for coming up with methods for spiritual growth. Presbyterianism is named from their view on the churches leadership, and finally, Baptists. They got the name from the importants of the baptism ceremony. But not all the other denominations believe in baptism. So each one has a slightly different doctrine. Another is the availability of the lords supper to all. Or at least those who’s testimonies could be verified by the church leaders. Looking at why they have divisions, it seems clear that its not about Christ as the lord and savior. But it seems rather the differences of opinion by godly, flawed evidence, people seeking god. Seeking to retain doctrinal purity of what is their understanding of his word. Looking at today, denominations are many and vary wildly. The denominations have spawned numerous styles such as Nazarenes, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Evangelical Free, Assemblies of God, ect. Some styles of denomination, emphasizes very little doctrinal differences. But more often, they simply offer different styles of worship. Fitting the differences of Christians. This is the cause for so many forms of Christianity. Conclusion In this paper we have gone over the contemporary issues within Christianity. We have reviewed the historical connections and theological similarities with other religions such as Judaism and Islam. We have also taken a look at Christian denominations and how they interact with Buddhism. In our research we have found that Christianity and other religions in this new way of living, we all are challenge to face an inevitable change. Social and new technology is responsible for new changes. In these religions, pivotal doctrines are the points in which Christianity and Islam disagree. Christianity has a connection to Israel that is almost as strong as Judaism. Some styles of denomination, emphasizes very little doctrinal differences. But more often, they simply offer different styles of worship.